Sains Malaysiana 55(10)(2026): 1714-1724

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5510-10

 

Pendekatan Metabolomik berasaskan ¹H NMR bagi Analisis Profil Metabolit Daun Dillenia suffruticosa: Implikasi Kepolaran Pelarut terhadap Potensi Anti-Vibrio

(¹H NMR-Based Metabolomic Approach for Metabolite Profiling of Dillenia suffruticosa Leaves: Implications of Solvent Polarity on Anti-Vibrio Potential)

 

AZIZUL ISHA^1,*, NORAZNITA SHARIFUDDIN², MAZNI ABU ZARIN³, YAYA RUKAYADI¹ & AHMAD FAIZAL ABDULL RAZIS¹

 

¹Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

²Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

³Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

 

Diserahkan: 4 November 2025/Diterima: 28 September 2026

 

*Pengarang untuk surat-menyurat; email: azizul_isha@upm.edu.my

 

ABSTRAK

Ancaman kerintangan antimikrob patogen Vibrio kian menjejaskan industri akuakultur dan keselamatan makanan dunia. Justeru, kajian ini menilai sifat antibakteria ekstrak daun Dillenia suffruticosa terhadap empat patogen Vibrio (V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. campbellii dan V. harveyi) menggunakan pendekatan metabolomik ¹H NMR bagi merungkai korelasi antara komposisi metabolit dengan bioaktivitinya. Aktiviti antibakteria ekstrak berbeza kepolaran (etanol 70% (v/v), aseton, kloroform dan heksana) dinilai melalui resapan cakera, kepekatan perencatan minimum (MIC) dan kepekatan bakterisid minimum (MBC). Ekstrak kloroform menunjukkan perencatan terkuat dengan zon perencatan 20.52 ± 0.44 mm (V. parahaemolyticus) dan nilai MIC serendah 0.039 mg/mL (V. vulnificus). Ekstrak etanol 70% (v/v) dan aseton berkesan sederhana, manakala heksana paling lemah. Spektrum ¹H NMR mendedahkan pelbagai metabolom termasuk asid amino, asid organik, gula, triterpenoid, sterol dan sebatian fenol. Analisis multivariat (Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA) dan Kuasa Dua Terkecil Separa (PLS)) membezakan ekstrak berdasarkan jenis pelarut. Biplot PLS mendedahkan korelasi positif kaempferol, sarkosina dan asid organik terhadap perencatan V. vulnificus, V. campbellii dan V. harveyi. Walau bagaimanapun, korelasi negatif majoriti sebatian fenol terhadap V. parahaemolyticus membuktikan rintangan tinggi patogen tersebut terhadap ekstrak hidrofilik. Metabolit ini diketahui berupaya mengganggu pembentukan biofilem, pengesanan kuorum, pergerakan sel serta laluan virulens Vibrio, sekali gus menyokong asas mekanistik aktiviti tersebut. Kesimpulannya, korelasi profil metabolomik dan bioaktiviti memberi pemahaman menyeluruh tentang pengaruh kepolaran pelarut terhadap pemulihan metabolit. Kajian ini menyerlahkan keupayaan D. suffruticosa sebagai sumber agen antibakteria bagi menangani isu akuakultur dan keselamatan makanan.

Kata kunci: Aktiviti antibakteria; Dillenia suffruticosa; metabolit bioaktif; metabolomik ¹H NMR; Vibrio spp.

ABSTRACT

The threat of antimicrobial resistance among Vibrio pathogens is increasingly threatening the aquaculture industry and global food security. Therefore, this study evaluates the antibacterial properties of Dillenia suffruticosa leaf extracts against four Vibrio pathogens (V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. campbellii, and V. harveyi) utilizing a ¹H-NMR metabolomics approach to elucidate the correlation between metabolite composition and its bioactivity. The antibacterial activity of extracts with varying polarities (70% (v/v) ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and hexane) was evaluated through agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. The chloroform extract exhibited the strongest inhibition, with an inhibition zone of 20.52 ± 0.44 mm (V. parahaemolyticus) and an MIC value as low as 0.039 mg/mL (V. vulnificus). The 70% (v/v) ethanol and acetone extracts were moderately effective, while the hexane extract was the weakest. The ¹H-NMR spectra showed a diverse metabolome, including amino acids, organic acids, sugars, triterpenoids, sterols, and phenolic compounds. Multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS)) differentiated the extracts based on the type of solvent. The PLS biplot showed a positive correlation of kaempferol, sarcosine, and organic acids with the inhibition of V. vulnificus, V. campbellii, and V. harveyi. However, the negative correlation of the majority of phenolic compounds against V. parahaemolyticus proved the high resistance of this pathogen towards hydrophilic extracts. These metabolites are known to interfere with Vibrio biofilm formation, quorum sensing, cell motility, and virulence pathways, thus supporting the mechanistic basis for the observed activity. In conclusion, the correlation between metabolomic profiling and bioactivity provides a comprehensive understanding of the influence of solvent polarity on metabolite recovery. This study highlights the capability of D. suffruticosa as a source of antibacterial agents to address aquaculture and food safety issues.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity; bioactive metabolites; Dillenia suffruticosa; ¹H-NMR metabolomics; Vibrio spp.

 

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